2.12.
Op 30 juli 2015 heeft de United States District Court southern district of New York (hierna: de rechtbank New York) geoordeeld dat artikel 58 van de Statuten een geldige arbitrageclausule bevat voor degenen die effecten op de beurs in Brazilië hebben gekocht, maar dat deze clausule niet geldt voor vorderingen die gebaseerd zijn op de Exchange Act.
"Article 58 of Petrobras' bylaws provides that "disputes […] involving the Corporation, its shareholders, managers and members of the Audit Board" regarding "the rules issued […] by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM) as well as in all further rules applicable to the operation of the capital market in general," "shall be resolved according to the rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber." […]
Both parties agree that whether purchasers of Petrobras securities on the Bovespa agreed to the mandatory arbitration clause is a question of Brazilian law. […] The Court is persuaded that, under Brazilian law, Petrobras' arbitration clause is valid and enforceable against purchasers of Petrobras securities on the Bovespa. According to defendants' expert, in 2001 Brazil amended Article 109 of the Brazilian Corporate Law ("BCL") to expressly authorize companies to include mandatory arbitration clauses in their bylaws: "The corporation's bylaws may establish that any disputes between the shareholders and the corporation, or between the majority shareholders and the minority shareholders may be resolved by arbitration under the terms specified by it."
Around the same time, the Bovespa created the so-called "Novo Mercado," a special listing segment that required companies to adopted increased corporate governance standards as a prerequisite to eligibility, one of which was adoption of an arbitration provision in their bylaws. […] Leading
Brazilian scholars have opined that shareholders manifest their consent to such arbitration clauses by purchasing shares of the company after the arbitration bylaw is enacted, and are therefore bound thereby. […]
In the wake of these changes, over 160 Brazilian companies have adopted bylaws mandating arbitration of shareholder disputes. […] One such company was Petrobras, which adopted the arbitration provision in Article 58 of its bylaws in 2002 by Board resolution and shareholder vote. […]
Petrobras disclosed the existence of this provision to current and prospective shareholders via its annual filings with the SEC. [...]. Because the members of the putative class by definition purchased their shares in or after 2010, they are bound by Article 58.
Moreover, Article 58, by its plain terms, encompasses the Brazilian law claims asserted in Counts III through V of the CAC, which allege violations of the CVM Regulations and other Brazilian laws applicable to securities transactions. These claims are "disputes ... involving the Corporation, its shareholders, [and] managers" arising from "the rules issued ... by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios - CVM) as well as in all further rules applicable to the operation of the capital market in general." […] Accordingly, plaintiffs are bound to arbitrate these claims.
Plaintiffs' arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. First, plaintiffs' expert argues that the Brazilian Arbitration Act provides that a party is bound by an arbitration clause contained in a contract of adhesion only if that party either initiates the arbitration or expressly agrees in writing to be bound […] However, defendants’ expert persuasively demonstrates that the weight of authority holds that the provisions of the BAA regarding adhesion contracts apply to contracts of unequal bargaining power, such as consumer contracts, and not to arbitration provisions contained in corporate bylaws [ ]
Second, plaintiffs' expert opines that an arbitration clause must be approved unanimously at the shareholder meeting at which it is adopted in order to bind all shareholders. [...] However, Article 136 the BCL provides a general rule that “resolutions of a general meeting shall be passed by a simple majority of votes.” […] Articles 221 and 294 of the BCL specify certain corporate changes that require unanimous agreement of the shareholders, of which adoption of an arbitration clause is not one […]
Third, plaintiffs' expert argues that Article 58 was not validly adopted because the meeting agenda published in advance of the shareholders' meeting did not provide adequate notice of the proposed amendment. […] However, the agenda for the March 22, 2002 shareholders’ meeting, at which Article 58 was approved, notified shareholders that a vote would be held on the reform of the Company’s bylaws to promote “changes to enhance corporative governance practices and to move toward fulfillment of requirements for listing in Level 2 of the […] BOVESPA." […] The requirements for such listing, in turn, included adoption of an arbitration bylaw. Thus, this notice was sufficient under Brazilian law. […]
Finally, defendants argue that plaintiffs who purchased Petrobras securities both pursuant to U.S. transactions and on the Bovespa must also arbitrate their Exchange Act claims. By purchasing Petrobras shares on the Bovespa, they argue, this subset of the class agreed to the arbitration provision of the Company's bylaws.
However, it is a bedrock principle that "a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit." […] "[A]s with any other contract, the parties' intentions control." […] As discussed above, as a matter of Brazilian law, purchasing Petrobras shares on the Bovespa indicates the purchaser's consent to be bound by the arbitration clause in the company's bylaws. But nothing about such share purchases indicates that the purchaser consents to arbitrate different claims relating to different securities purchased in different transactions in another country (the United States). Accordingly, the Court finds that there is no valid arbitration agreement with respect to the Exchange Act claims."
Op 7 juli 2017 heeft de United States Court of Appeals for the second circuit de hiervoor genoemde beslissing van 30 juli 2015 in stand gelaten.
2.13.
De Stichting is op 12 november 2015 opgericht. Conform artikel 3.1 van de statuten van de Stichting heeft zij als doel:
“a. het behartigen van de belangen van de desbetreffende Investeerders die schade lijden, schade dreigen te lijden en/of schade hebben geleden ten gevolge van het handelen of nalaten van een of meer Petrobras Entiteiten die aanleiding geven tot een Claim;
b. het behartigen van de belangen van de desbetreffende Investeerders in verband met een Vaststellingsovereenkomst waarvan de verbindendverklaring wordt verzocht aan het Gerechtshof krachtens de Wet Collectieve Afwikkeling Massaschade (WCAM);
c. het verkrijgen en verdelen van financiële compensatie voor (een gedeelte van) de schade welke de desbetreffende Investeerders stellen te hebben geleden, een en ander met inachtneming van een Vaststellingsovereenkomst,
en
het verrichten van al hetgeen verband houdt met het bepaalde in artikel 3.1 onder a en artikel 3.1 onder b, dan wel daaraan dienstig kan zijn, een en ander in de ruimste zin van het woord.”
In artikel 1 zijn "Claim" respectievelijk "Investeerders" omschreven als:
“Claims: klachten, aanspraken en vorderingen van Investeerders jegens een of meer van de Petrobras Entiteiten met betrekking tot vermeende schade die geleden is of zal worden geleden door de Investeerders als gevolg van onder andere onrechtmatig handelen door (beleidsbepalers, leidinggevenden en werknemers van) een Petrobras Entiteit, daaronder begrepen doch niet beperkt tot het omkopen van functionarissen, het overwaarderen van assets van een of meer Petrobras Entiteiten en enig ander vermeend onrechtmatig handelen, daaronder begrepen, doch niet beperkt tot, de handelingen die voorwerp van onderzoek zijn door de autoriteiten in Operation Car Wash (Operagao Lava Jato).”
“Investeerders: alle personen (daaronder begrepen rechtspersonen) die direct of indirect hebben gehandeld in gewone aandelen en/of preferente aandelen in [Petrobras] en/of afgeleide instrumenten daarvan en/of obligaties uitgegeven door [Petrobras, PGF …] voor zover deze buiten de Verenigde Staten direct of indirect zijn gekocht of verhandeld, al dan niet op een gereglementeerde markt vóór achtentwintig juli tweeduizend vijftien.”
Onder Investeerders is niet begrepen de Braziliaanse staat.
2.15.
In de Stipulation of Settlement and Release van 1 februari 2018 van de rechtbank New York (hierna: de Stipulation) is de tussen de Plaintiffs enerzijds en anderzijds Petrobras, PGF en [naam bedrijf 2] (die gezamenlijk worden aangeduid als Petrobras Defendants) en een aantal andere entiteiten die gezamenlijk worden aangeduid als Underwriter Defendants overeengekomen Class Settlement goedgekeurd. In de Stipulation is onder meer het volgende vermeld:
1. As used in this Stipulation, the following capitalized terms have the following meanings:
[…]
h. “Class Period” means the time period between January 22, 2010 and July 28, 2015, inclusive.
[…]
j. “Covered Transaction” means any transaction that satisfies any of the following criteria: (i) any transaction in a Petrobras Security listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”); (ii) any transaction in a Petrobras Security that cleared or settled through the Depository Trust Company’s book-entry system; or (iii) any transaction in a Petrobras Security to which the United States securities laws apply, including as applicable pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Morrison v. National Australia Bank, 561 U.S. 247 2010). A list of the Petrobras Securities that satisfy criteria (i) and/or (ii) is attached hereto as Exhibit A. Excluded from the definition of Covered Transaction are purchases of any Petrobras Security on the BOVESPA.
[…]
s. “Exchange Act Class” means all Persons who, during the Class Period, purchased or otherwise acquired Petrobras Securities, including debt securities issued by [naam bedrijf 1] and/or PGF, on the New York Stock Exchange or pursuant to other Covered Transactions, excluding Defendants, […], and any Persons who have been or subsequently are the subject of a final judgment of conviction […].
cc. "Non-Released Individual Defendants" means [naam gedaagde 3] , [naam gedaagde 4] , and any other individual who has been or subsequently is the subject of a final judgment of conviction convicting them of a criminal or civil offense related to corruption under the laws of Brazil, or under the United States Code, arising out of or relating to conduct related to the allegations asserted in the Action.
[…]
kk. “Petrobras Securities” means the securities of Petrobras, including debt securities issued by [naam bedrijf 1] and/or PGF, purchased or otherwise acquired during the Class Period on the New York Stock Exchange or pursuant to other Covered Transactions and debt securities issued by Petrobras, [naam bedrijf 1] , and/or PGF that were purchased or otherwise acquired during the Class Period in Covered Transactions, directly in, pursuant to and/or traceable to a May 13, 2013 public offering registered in the United States and/or a March 10, 2014 public offering registered in the United States before Petrobras made generally available to its security holders an earnings statement covering a period of at least twelve months beginning after the effective date of the offerings.
[…]
vv. “Released Parties” means, in any capacity, Defendants and each of their respective present and former parents, subsidiaries, divisions and affiliates; the present and former employees, shareholders, partners, officers and directors, of each of them; the present and former attorneys, accountants, auditors, underwriters, advisors, trustees, administrators, fiduciaries, consultants, representatives, insurers, and agents of each of them; and the predecessors, heirs, successors and assigns of each, all in their capacities as such, except that the Released Parties shall not include Non-Released Individual Defendants. […]
yy. “Securities Act Class” means all Persons who purchased or otherwise acquired debt securities issued by Petrobras, [naam bedrijf 1] , and/or PGF, in Covered Transactions, directly in, pursuant to and/or traceable to a May 13, 2013 public offering registered in the United States and/or a March 10, 2014 public offering registered in the United States before Petrobras made generally available to its security holders an earnings statement covering a period of at least twelve months beginning after the effective date of the offerings (August 11, 2014 in the case of the May 13, 2013 public offering and May 15, 2015 in the case of the March 10, 2014 public offering), excluding Defendants, […] and any Persons who have been or subsequently are the subject of a final judgment of conviction […]
zz. “Settled Claims” shall mean any and all Claims, including without limitation Unknown Claims (as defined in ¶ (rrr) below), (a) alleged or which could have been alleged by Class Representatives or Settlement Class Members in the Action, or (b) that have been, could have been, or in the future can or might be asserted in any federal, state or foreign court, tribunal, forum or proceeding, in connection with any of the Petrobras Securities, whether arising from federal, state, foreign, or common law, against the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, or against any other of the Released Parties, arising out of or relating in any manner to the Action or the allegations, claims, defenses, and counterclaims asserted in the Action, except for Claims to enforce the Settlement, whether arising under state, federal, or common law. Settled Claims shall include claims against Defendants and Released Parties pursuant to the PSLRA for contribution/indemnity or claims that are otherwise dependent on liability in this Action and claims for violations of Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, or any other fee or costshifting claim.
[…]
eee. “Settlement Class” means, solely for the purposes of effectuating this Settlement: (i) the Exchange Act Class; and (ii) the Securities Act Class as defined herein.
fff. “Settlement Class Member” means a Person that is a member of the Settlement Class that did not exclude himself, herself, or itself by filing a timely request for exclusion in accordance with the requirements set forth in the Preliminary Approval Order and the Notice.
[...]
rrr. “Unknown Claims” means any and all Claims which Class Representatives or any other Settlement Class Member does not know or suspect to exist in his, her or its favor at the time of the release of such claims, and any Defendant Claims which any Defendant or any other Released Party does not know or suspect to exist in his, her or its favor at the time of the release of such claims, which if known by him, her or it might have affected his, her or its decision(s) with respect to the Settlement.
[…]
RELEASE OF CLAIMS
8. The obligations incurred pursuant to this Stipulation shall be in full and final disposition of the Action as to the Petrobras Defendants, Underwriter Defendants and the other Released Parties, and shall fully and finally release any and all Settled Claims against the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants and Released Parties (which does not include the Non-Released Individual Defendants as defined herein).
9. Upon the Effective Date of this Settlement, Class Representatives and Settlement Class Members (whether or not they submit a Proof of Claim or share in the Settlement Fund), on behalf of themselves and each of their respective predecessors, successors, assigns, parents, subsidiaries and other affiliates, officers, directors, employees, partners, members, managers, owners, trustees, beneficiaries, advisors, consultants, insurers, reinsurers, stockholders, investors, nominees, custodians, attorneys, heirs, representatives, administrators, executors, devisees, legatees, and estates, any Person(s) they represent in connection with the Action or in connection with the purchase or sale of any Petrobras Securities during the Class Period, and any Person(s) who claims through or on behalf of them, shall be deemed by this Settlement and by operation of the Judgment to, and shall, release, waive, dismiss, and forever discharge the Settled Claims as to the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, and the other Released Parties, and shall be deemed by this Settlement to, and shall be permanently and forever barred and enjoined from asserting, commencing or prosecuting in any forum each and every one of the Settled Claims against the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, and the other Released Parties. The release as set forth above is a material term to this Stipulation. It is an important element to the Petrobras Defendants’ and Underwriter Defendants’ participation in this Settlement that the Released Parties obtain the fullest possible release from liability to any Class Representative, Plaintiffs, or Settlement Class Member relating to the Settled Claims, and it is the intention of the Settling Parties that any liability of the Released Parties relating to the Settled Claims be eliminated. For the avoidance of doubt, the release of PwC Brazil and its affiliates shall be subject to the terms of the November 30, 2017 Stipulation of Settlement, as amended, entered into between Class Representatives and PwC Brazil.
[…]
13. Subject to the last sentence below, neither Class Representatives, Class Counsel nor any Settlement Class Member shall provide any support or assistance to the plaintiffs in the Individual Actions, or to any plaintiff in any other pending or future actions in any federal, state or foreign court, tribunal, forum or proceeding, asserting allegations that could have been asserted in the Action in pursuing their claims against the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, or the other Released Parties. […]"
2.18.
Op 2 juli 2018 heeft de rechtbank New York een Order and final judgment gewezen waarin onder meer het volgende is vermeld:
"7. Upon the Effective Dates of the Settlements, Class Representatives and all other Settlement Class Members, whether or not such Person submits a Proof of Claim, on behalf of (i) themselves, (ii) each of their respective predecessors, successors, assigns, parents, subsidiaries and other affiliates, officers, directors, employees, partners, members, managers, owners, trustees, beneficiaries, advisors, consultants, insurers, reinsurers, stockholders, investors, nominees, custodians, attorneys, heirs, representatives, administrators, executors, devisees, legatees, and estates, and any Person(s) they represent in connection with the Action or in connection with the purchase or sale of any Petrobras Securities during the Class Period, and (iii) any Person(s) who claims through or on behalf of them, shall be deemed by operation of law to have irrevocably, absolutely, and unconditionally, fully, finally and forever released, waived, dismissed and discharged the Settled Claims as specified and described in the Petrobras Stipulation and in the PwC Stipulation against each and all of the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, PwC Brazil, and all other Released Parties, and shall forever be enjoined from prosecuting any or all of the Settled Claims against the Petrobras Defendants, the Underwriter Defendants, PwC Brazil and any Released Party. For avoidance of doubt, the Settled Claims are not released against the Non-Released Individual Defendants, who include [naam gedaagde 3] , [naam gedaagde 4] , and any other individual who has been or subsequently is the subject of a final judgment of conviction convicting them of a criminal or civil offense related to corruption under the laws of Brazil, or under the United States Code, arising out of or relating to the conduct related to the allegations asserted in the Action."