Na de positieve beantwoording van de vraag naar de toepasselijkheid van Richtlijn 2016/680 op de onderliggende casus gaat het HvJ EU over tot beantwoording van de drie gestelde vragen:
“The first and second questions
78 The referring court expressly referred, in its first and second questions, first, to Article 15(1) of Directive 2002/58, which requires, inter alia, that the legislative measures which it allows the Member States to adopt to restrict the scope of the rights and obligations laid down in several provisions of that directive, constitute a necessary, appropriate and proportionate measure within a democratic society to safeguard national security – that is to say, State security – defence and public security, and the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences or of unauthorised use of the electronic communications system, and, second, to Article 52(1) of the Charter, which enshrines the principle of proportionality in the context of limitations on the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter.
79 Under Article 4(1)(c) of Directive 2016/680, Member States are to provide for personal data to be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they are processed. That provision thus requires the Member States to observe the principle of ‘data minimisation’, which gives expression to the principle of proportionality (judgment of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C 118/22, EU:C:2024:97, paragraph 41 and the case-law cited).
80 It follows that, in particular, the collection of personal data in the context of criminal proceedings and their storage by police authorities, for the purposes set out in Article 1(1) of that directive, must, like any processing falling within the scope of that directive, comply with that principle (judgment of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C 118/22, EU:C:2024:97, paragraph 42 and the case-law cited).
81 Thus, it must be held that, by its first and second questions, which it is appropriate to examine together, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 4(1)(c) of Directive 2016/680, read in the light of Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter and Article 52(1) thereof, precludes national legal rules which afford the competent authorities the possibility of accessing data contained in a mobile telephone, for the purposes of preventing, investigating, detecting and prosecuting criminal offences in general, and which do not make reliance on that possibility subject to prior review by a court or an independent administrative body.
82 As a preliminary point, it should be noted that, as is apparent from recitals 2 and 4 of Directive 2016/680, while establishing a strong and coherent framework for the protection of personal data in order to ensure respect for the fundamental right of protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data, recognised in Article 8(1) of the Charter and Article 16(1) TFEU, that directive is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 February 2021, Commission v Spain (Personal Data Directive – Criminal law), C 658/19, EU:C:2021:138, paragraph 75).
83 To that end, Directive 2016/680 seeks, inter alia, as has been noted in paragraph 74 of the present judgment, to ensure a high level of protection of the personal data of natural persons.
84 In that regard, it should be recalled that, as recital 104 of Directive 2016/680 highlights, the limitations which, under that directive, can be placed on the right to the protection of personal data, provided for in Article 8 of the Charter, and on the right to respect for private and family life, protected by Article 7 of the Charter, must be interpreted in accordance with the requirements of Article 52(1) thereof, which include respect for the principle of proportionality (see, to that effect, judgment of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C 118/22, EU:C:2024:97, paragraph 33).
85 Those fundamental rights are not absolute rights, but must be considered in relation to their function in society and be weighed against other fundamental rights. Any limitation on the exercise of those fundamental rights must, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter, be provided for by law, respect the essence of those fundamental rights and observe the principle of proportionality. Under the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the European Union or the need to protect the rights and freedoms of others. They must apply only in so far as is strictly necessary and the legislation which entails the limitations in question must lay down clear and precise rules governing the scope and application of those limitations (judgment of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C 118/22, EU:C:2024:97, paragraph 39 and the case-law cited).
86 As regards, in the first place, the objective of general interest capable of justifying a limitation on the exercise of the fundamental rights enshrined in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter, such as that arising from the legal rule at issue in the main proceedings, it should be noted that the processing of personal data in the context of a police investigation aimed at the prosecution of a criminal offence – such as an attempt to access the data contained in a mobile telephone – must be regarded, in principle, as genuinely meeting an objective of general interest recognised by the European Union, within the meaning of Article 52(1) of the Charter.
87 As far as concerns, in the second place, the requirement that such a limitation be necessary, as stated, in essence, in recital 26 of Directive 2016/680, that requirement is not met where the objective of general interest pursued can reasonably be achieved just as effectively by other means less restrictive of the fundamental rights of the data subjects (see, to that effect, judgment of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C 118/22, EU:C:2024:97, paragraph 40 and the case-law cited).
88 By contrast, the requirement of necessity is met where the objective pursued by the data processing at issue cannot reasonably be achieved just as effectively by other means less restrictive of the fundamental rights of data subjects, in particular the rights to respect for private life and to the protection of personal data guaranteed in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter (judgment of 26 January 2023, Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti (Recording of biometric and genetic data by the police), C 205/21, EU:C:2023:49, paragraph 126 and the case-law cited).
89 As regards, in the third place, the proportionate nature of the limitation on the exercise of the fundamental rights guaranteed in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter, resulting from such processing, it involves balancing all the relevant factors in the individual case (see, to that effect, judgment of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C 118/22, EU:C:2024:97, paragraphs 62 and 63 and the case-law cited).
90 Such factors include, inter alia, the seriousness of the limitation thus placed on the exercise of the fundamental rights at issue, which depends on the nature and sensitivity of the data to which the competent police authorities may have access, the importance of the objective of general interest pursued by that limitation, the link existing between the owner of the mobile telephone and the criminal offence in question and the relevance of the data in question for the purpose of establishing the facts.
91 As regards, first, the seriousness of the limitation on fundamental rights resulting from a legal rule such as that at issue in the main proceedings, it is apparent from the order for reference that that rule authorises the competent police authorities to access, without prior authorisation, the data contained in a mobile telephone.
92 Such access is liable to concern, depending on the content of the mobile telephone in question and the choices made by the police, not only traffic and location data, but also photographs and the internet browsing history on that telephone, or even a part of the content of the communications made with that telephone, in particular by consulting the messages stored therein.
93 Access to such a set of data is liable to allow very precise conclusions to be drawn concerning the private life of the data subject, such as his or her everyday habits, permanent or temporary places of residence, daily or other movements, the activities carried out, the social relationships of that data subject and the places he or she frequents socially.
94 Last, it cannot be ruled out that the data contained in a mobile telephone may include particularly sensitive data, such as personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions and religious or philosophical beliefs, such sensitivity justifying the specific protection afforded to them by Article 10 of Directive 2016/680, which also extends to data revealing information of that nature indirectly, following an intellectual operation involving deduction or cross-referencing (see, by analogy, judgment of 5 June 2023, Commission v Poland (Independence and private life of judges), C 204/21, EU:C:2023:442, paragraph 344).
95 The interference with the fundamental rights guaranteed in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter to which the application of a rule such as that at issue in the main proceedings may give rise must therefore be regarded as serious, or even particularly serious.
96 As regards, second, the importance of the objective pursued, it should be noted that the seriousness of the offence which is the subject matter of the investigation is one of the main parameters when examining the proportionality of the serious interference which access to the personal data contained in a mobile telephone constitutes and which allow precise conclusions to be drawn concerning the private life of the data subject.
97 However, to consider that only combating serious crime may justify access to data contained in a mobile telephone would limit the investigative powers of the competent authorities, within the meaning of Directive 2016/680, in relation to criminal offences in general. This would increase the risk of impunity for such offences, given the importance that such data may have for criminal investigations. Accordingly, such a limitation would disregard the specific nature of the tasks performed by those authorities for the purposes set out in Article 1(1) of that directive, highlighted in recitals 10 and 11 thereof, and would undermine the objective of achieving an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union pursued by that directive.
98 That being so, those considerations are without prejudice to the requirement, arising from Article 52(1) of the Charter, that any limitation on the exercise of a fundamental right must be ‘provided for by law’, that requirement implying that the legal basis authorising such a limitation must define its scope sufficiently clearly and precisely (see, to that effect, judgment of 26 January 2023, Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti (Recording of biometric and genetic data by the police), C 205/21, EU:C:2023:49, paragraph 65 and the case-law cited).
99 In order to satisfy that requirement, it is for the national legislature to define with sufficient precision the factors, in particular the nature or categories of the offences concerned, which must be taken into account.
100 As regards, third, the link that exists between the owner of the mobile telephone and the criminal offence in question and the relevance of the data in question for the purpose of establishing the facts, it is apparent from Article 6 of Directive 2016/680 that the concept of ‘data subject’ covers different categories of persons, namely, in essence, persons suspected, on serious grounds, of having committed or being about to commit a criminal offence, persons convicted of a criminal offence, victims or potential victims of such offences, and others parties to a criminal offence which may be called on to testify in investigations in connection with criminal offences or subsequent criminal proceedings. According to that article, Member States are required to provide for the controller, where applicable and as far as possible, to make a clear distinction between personal data of different categories of data subjects.
101 In that regard, so far as concerns, in particular, access to the data contained in the mobile telephone of a person who is subject to a criminal investigation, as in the case in the main proceedings, it is important that the existence of reasonable suspicions in relation to that person – in the sense that that person has committed, commits or plans to commit an offence, or that he or she is involved in one way or another in such an offence – is supported by objective and sufficient evidence.
102 It is essential – in particular in order to ensure that the principle of proportionality is observed in each specific case by balancing all the relevant factors – that, where access to personal data by the competent national authorities carries the risk of serious, or even particularly serious, interference with the fundamental rights of the data subject, that access be subject to a prior review carried out either by a court or by an independent administrative body.
103 That prior review requires that the court or independent administrative body entrusted with carrying it out must have all the powers and provide all the guarantees necessary in order to reconcile the various legitimate interests and rights at issue. As regards a criminal investigation in particular, it is a requirement of such a review that that court or body must be able to strike a fair balance between, on the one hand, the legitimate interests relating to the needs of the investigation in the context of combating crime and, on the other hand, the fundamental rights to respect for private life and protection of personal data of the persons whose data are concerned by the access.
104 That independent review, in a situation such as that referred to in paragraph 102 of the present judgment, must take place prior to any attempt to access the data concerned, except in cases of duly justified urgency, in which case that review must take place within a short time. A subsequent review would not enable the objective of a prior review, consisting in preventing the authorisation of access to the data in question that exceeds what is strictly necessary, to be met.
105 In particular, the court or independent administrative body, acting in the context of a prior review carried out following a reasoned request for access falling within the scope of Directive 2016/680, must be entitled to refuse or restrict that access where it finds that the interference with fundamental rights which that access would constitute would be disproportionate in the light of all the relevant factors.
106 A refusal to authorise the competent police authorities to access the data contained in a mobile telephone, or a restriction on that access, is therefore necessary if, taking into account the seriousness of the offence and the needs of the investigation, access to the content of the communications or to sensitive data does not appear to be justified.
107 As regards, in particular, the processing of sensitive data, account must be taken of the requirements laid down in Article 10 of Directive 2016/680, the purpose of which is to ensure enhanced protection with regard to that processing which is liable, as is apparent from recital 37 of that directive, to create significant risks to fundamental rights and freedoms, such as the right to respect for private and family life and the right to the protection of personal data, guaranteed by Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter. To that end, as follows from the very terms of Article 10 of Directive 2016/680, the requirement that the processing of such data be allowed ‘only where strictly necessary’ must be interpreted as establishing strengthened conditions for lawful processing of sensitive data, compared with those which follow from Article 4(1)(b) and (c) and Article 8(1) of that directive and refer only to the ‘necessity’ of data processing that falls generally, within the directive’s scope (judgment of 26 January 2023, Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti (Recording of biometric and genetic data by the police), C 205/21, EU:C:2023:49, paragraphs 116 and 117 and the case-law cited).
108 Thus, first, the use of the adverb ‘only’ before the words ‘where strictly necessary’ underlines that the processing of special categories of data, within the meaning of Article 10 of Directive 2016/680, will be capable of being regarded as necessary solely in a limited number of cases. Second, the fact that the necessity for processing of such data is an ‘absolute’ one signifies that that necessity is to be assessed with particular rigour (judgment of 26 January 2023, Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti (Recording of biometric and genetic data by the police), C 205/21, EU:C:2023:49, paragraph 118).
109 In the present case, the referring court states that, in the course of criminal investigation proceedings, the Austrian police are authorised to access data contained in a mobile telephone. In addition, it states that such access is not, in principle, subject to the prior authorisation of a court or independent administrative authority. It is, however, for that court alone to draw the appropriate conclusions from the clarifications provided, inter alia, in paragraphs 102 to 108 of the present judgment in the main proceedings.
110 It follows from the foregoing that the answer to the first and second questions is that Article 4(1)(c) of Directive 2016/680, read in the light of Articles 7 and 8 and Article 52(1) of the Charter, must be interpreted as not precluding national legal rules which afford the competent authorities the possibility to access data contained in a mobile telephone for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences in general, provided those rules:
– define with sufficient precision the nature or categories of offences concerned,
– ensure respect for the principle of proportionality, and
– make reliance on that possibility, except in duly justified cases of urgency, subject to prior review by a judge or an independent administrative body.
The third question
111 It is apparent from the order for reference that, by its third question, the referring court seeks, in essence, to determine whether CG should have been informed of the attempts to access the data contained in his mobile telephone in order to be able to exercise his right to an effective remedy guaranteed in Article 47 of the Charter.
112 In that regard, the relevant provisions of Directive 2016/680 are, first, Article 13 of that directive, entitled ‘Information to be made available or given to the data subject’, and, second, Article 54 of that directive, entitled ‘Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor’.
113 It must also be borne in mind that, as recital 104 of Directive 2016/680 highlights, the limitations imposed by that directive on the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial, protected by Article 47 of the Charter, must be interpreted in accordance with the requirements of Article 52(1) thereof, which include respect for the principle of proportionality.
114 It must therefore be held that, by its third question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Articles 13 and 54 of Directive 2016/680, read in the light of Article 47 and Article 52(1) of the Charter, must be interpreted as precluding national legal rules which authorise the competent authorities in criminal matters to attempt to access data contained in a mobile telephone without informing the data subject.
115 It follows from Article 13(2)(d) of Directive 2016/680 that, in addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, such as the identity of the controller, the purpose of that processing and the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority which must be made available to the data subject, Member States are to provide by law for the controller to give the data subject further information to enable him or her to exercise his or her rights, where necessary, in particular where the personal data are collected without the knowledge of the data subject.
116 However, Article 13(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2016/680 allows the national legislature to restrict the provision of information to the data subject pursuant to paragraph 2, or to omit to provide that information ‘to the extent that, and for as long as, such a measure constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society with due regard for the fundamental rights and the legitimate interests of the natural person concerned’, inter alia, to ‘avoid obstructing official or legal inquiries, investigations or procedures’ or to ‘avoid prejudicing the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties’.
117 Last, it should be noted that Article 54 of Directive 2016/680, which gives expression to Article 47 of the Charter, requires Member States to provide that, where a person considers that his or her rights laid down in the provisions adopted pursuant to that directive have been infringed as a result of the processing of his or her personal data in breach of those provisions, that person has the right to an effective judicial remedy.
118 It is apparent from the case-law that the right to an effective judicial remedy, guaranteed in Article 47 of the Charter, requires, in principle, that the person concerned must be able to ascertain the reasons on which the decision taken in relation to him or her is based, so as to make it possible for him or her to defend his or her rights in the best possible conditions and to decide, with full knowledge of the relevant facts, whether there is any point in his or her applying to the court with jurisdiction, and in order to put the latter fully in a position in which it may carry out the review of the lawfulness of that decision (judgment of 16 November 2023, Ligue des droits humains (Verification by the supervisory authority of data processing), C 333/22, EU:C:2023:874, paragraph 58).
119 Although that right is not an absolute right and, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter, limitations may be placed upon it, that is on condition that those limitations are provided for by law, they respect the essence of the rights and freedoms at issue and, in compliance with the principle of proportionality, they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the European Union or the need to protect the rights and freedoms of others (judgment of 16 November 2023, Ligue des droits humains (Verification by the supervisory authority of data processing), C 333/22, EU:C:2023:874, paragraph 59).
120 Therefore, it follows from the provisions cited in paragraphs 115 to 119 above that it is for the competent national authorities which have been authorised by a court or an independent administrative body to access the data stored to inform the data subjects, within the framework of the applicable national procedural rules, of the grounds on which that authorisation is based, as soon as such information is not liable to jeopardise the investigations carried out by those authorities, and to make available to them all the information referred to in Article 13(1) of Directive 2016/680. That information is indeed necessary to enable those persons to exercise, inter alia, the right to a remedy expressly provided for in Article 54 of Directive 2016/680 (see, to that effect, judgment of 17 November 2022, Spetsializirana prokuratura (Retention of traffic and location data), C 350/21, EU:C:2022:896, paragraph 70 and the case-law cited).
121 By contrast, national legal rules which exclude as a general rule any right to obtain such information are not consistent with EU law (see, to that effect, judgment of 17 November 2022, Spetsializirana prokuratura (Retention of traffic and location data), C 350/21, EU:C:2022:896, paragraph 71).
122 In the present case, it is apparent from the order for reference that CG knew that his mobile telephone had been seized when the Austrian police attempted in vain to unlock it in order to access the data contained therein. In those circumstances, it does not appear that informing CG of the fact that those authorities were going to attempt to access those data was liable to prejudice the investigations; accordingly, he should have been informed of those attempts beforehand.
123 It follows from the foregoing that the answer to the third question is that Articles 13 and 54 of Directive 2016/680, read in the light of Article 47 and Article 52(1) of the Charter, must be interpreted as precluding national legal rules which authorise the competent authorities to attempt to access data contained in a mobile telephone without informing the data subject, within the framework of the applicable national procedural rules, of the grounds on which the authorisation to access such data, issued by a court or an independent administrative body, is based, once the communication of that information is no longer liable to jeopardise the tasks of those authorities under that directive.
Costs
124 […]